Compliments of 



THE AUTHOR. 



Lebanon, Tenn. 



! LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 1 



Chap. .... 

She/f ...X&M-Sx 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 





THE 



Use of Tobacco 



by 






J. I. D.HINDS, Ph.D., 

PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY IN CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY, 
LEBANON, TENNESSEE. 




PRINTED FOR THE' AUTHOR 

BY THE CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN PUBLISHING HOUSE. 

1882. 



/C^> 



Go, little book, God send thee good passage, 
And specially let this be thy prayere 
Unto them all that thee will read or hear, 
Where thou art wrong, after their help to 

call, 
Thee to correct in any part or all.'* 

— Chaucer. 



TO 



MY BELOVED MOTHER 



I DEDICATE THIS BOOK, 



"Intuta quae in&ecora." — Taciti Historise, 
Lib. I. 33. 

" Prove all things ; hold fast that which 
is good."— I Thess. v. 21. 



PREFACE. 



This volume is a r e vision and enlargement of two papers 
which appeared in the Cumberland Presbyterian Quarterly, 
in the numbers for April and July of the present year. 

I have drawn freely from all the material within my 
reach, and I desire in this place to acknowledge my in- 
debtedness to all those writers from whom I have quoted. 
I have tried to give due credit to every author, either in 
the text or by a foot-note. 

I send forth this little book with the full confidence in 
the justness of the cause which it represents, and with the 
hope that it may tend in some degree to check that sense- 
less tobacco habit, which, if persisted in, will certainly 
bring degradation and degeneracy upon the American people. 

J. I. D. HINDS. 
Lebanon, Tenn., Jan. 1, 1882. 

(5) 



CONTENTS. 



I. Introductory 9 

II. Derivation of the word 12 

III. History 13 

IV. The Persecution 29 

V. Botanical Description 34 

VI. Chemical Analysis 36 

VII. Physiological Action 4o 

VIII. Cultivation 47 

IX. Production 49 

X. Revenue 50 

XI. Forms 51 

XII. Adulterations 54 

XIII. Use 59 

XIV. The pipe, tobacco-box, and snuff-box 70 

XV. The habit 75 

XVI. Association 79 

XVII. The social character of the habit 80 

XVIII. Physiological 82 

XIX. Heredity 118 

XX. Financial 122 

XXI. Aesthetics 12(5 

XXII. Plea of its votaries answered 131 

XXIII. Moral 133 

XXIV . Summary 135 

(7) 



THE 



USE OF TOBACCO. 



I.-INTR0DUCT0RY. 



"Now, wha this tale of truth shall read, 
Ilk man and mother's son, take heed." 

— Burns. 

Tobacco is more universally used among' 
mankind than any other one thing except 
the most ordinary articles of food. It is 
estimated that nearly nine hundred mill- 
ion of the inhabitants of the globe are 
tobacco-users ; while six hundred million 
use tea, four hundred million use opium, 
and only one hundred million use coffee. 

(9) 



10 

An article that holds subject nine-four- 
teenths of the human race is certainly 
worthy of attention. 

The tobacco habit is commonly regard- 
ed, even by those who are devoted to the 
weed, as useless, filthy, and expensive ; 
and I have met with few persons who 
did not regret having formed it. This is 
particularly so in America, where people 
are unusually attentive to the promptings 
of conscience. The European uses to- 
bacco, or drinks his wine and beer, 
scarcely asking the question of right and 
wrong. It gratifies an appetite and affords 
pleasure, and this is enough. In the 
United States the total abstainer is very 
common; but to meet the German or 
Italian who does not smoke is an excep- 
tion. Chewing, however — the worst way 

in which tobacco can be used — is rare ex- 
cept in America, 

The tobacco question is one of great 



11 

interest to humanity ; and the physician, 
the minister, the parent, and the teacher 
should all be alive to its importance. A 
simple statement of the facts in the case 
is sufficient, I think, to convince any 
thoughtful mind of the great evils of this 
pernicious habit. If the following pages 
shall contribute, even in the least degree, 
to the cause of tobacco reform, I shall 
be content. Let the reader take the 
question to heart, and consider it most 
seriously. 



n -DERIVATION OF THE WORD. 



The origin of the word tobacco is not 
very certainly known. It is most proba- 
bly from the word tabaco, the name given 
by the Caribs to the pipe in which they 
smoked the leaves. Meander, one of the 
earliest writers on the subject, derived it 
from Tabaco or Tabasco, a province of 
Yucatan. It has been otherwise derived 
from Tobago, one of the Caribbean islands, 
and Tobasco, in the Gulf of Florida. 

(12) 



m-fflSTORY. 



Tobacco is indigenous to America, When 
the crew of Columbus landed on the is- 
land of Cuba, in 1492, they found the na- 
tives smoking something which they after- 
wards found to be tobacco leaves rolled 
up in the leaves of maize, or Indian corn. 
It was also smoked in reeds, and the smoke 
was emitted from the nostrils as well as 
the mouth. It grew wild upon the conti- 
nent, and its use seemed to be universal 
from Canada to the extreme South. 

The Mound-builder, the Aztec, and the 
Patagonian all smoked the weed. "The 
aborigines of Central America rolled up 
the tobacco-leaf and dreamed away their 
lives in smoky reveries ages before Colum- 
bus was born, or the colonists of Sir Walter 

(13) 



14 

Raleigh brought it within the precincts of 
the Elizabethan court."* 

The first detailed account of smoking 
among the Indians is given by Oviedo.f 
It was used by them to produce stupor 
and insensibility. The smoke was taken 
"by inhalation through the nostrils by 
means of a hollow forked cane, in one 
piece, about a span long. When used, the 
forked ends are inserted into the nostrils, 
the other end being applied to the burn- 
ing leaves of the herb. When forked canes 
are not procurable a straight reed or hol- 
low cane is used, and this implement is 
called tabaco by the Indians." 

That the method of taking tobacco in 
powder was in vogue among the Indians, 
we are told by Roman Pane, who accom- 
panied Columbus in his second voyage in 
1494. He says "they take it through a 
cane half a cubit long. One end of this 

* Johnston's Chemistry of Common Life. 
t Historia General de las Indias. 



15 

they place in the nose and the other upon 
the powder, and so draw it up, which 
purges them very much." 

Thus Ave have found the origin of snuff 
and the cigar. The pipe was also used 
in South America* and Mexico, and else- 
where on the continent. 

When Cortez made the conquest of 
Mexico in 1519, he found smoking to be 
a common custom. " King Montezuma had 
his pipe brought with much ceremony by the 
chief ladies of his court, after he had dined 
and washed his mouth with scented water. 
In the vicinity of the city of Mexico large 
quantities of clay tobacco pipes have been 
dug up of various fanciful forms, which 
show that as great an amount of atten- 
tion was bestowed on their decoration by 
the old Mexicans as we have devoted to 
them in Europe." f That the mound- 
builders were inveterate smokers is shown 

* De Bry's Historia Brasiliana, 1590. 
tFairholt's Tobacco; Its History and Associations. 



16 

by the great quantities of pipes found in 
the mounds. Many of the pipes from the 
old Indian graves are cut in the form of 
heads, with features of the Mongolian type, 
thus favoring the ethnological theory that 
America was originally peopled by tribes 
which migrated from Eastern Asia. 

Among the North American Indians 
smoking had rather a sacred character. 
The smoking of the Calumet, or pipe of 
peace, was indispensable to the conclusion 
of treaties, and the pipe was also used in 
the worship of the Great Spirit. The 
smoke of the sacred plant was considered 
a propitiatory offering, and the wild son 
of the forest hoped through it to win the 
favor of Him who ruled the storms and 
seasons. 

Catlin, in his Letters on the North 
American Indians, says: " There is no cus- 
tom more uniformly in constant use among 
the poor Indians than that of smoking, 



17 

nor any more highly valued. His pipe is 
his constant companion through life — his 
messenger of peace. He pledges his friends 
through its stem and its bowl, and when 
its care-drowning fumes cease to flow, it 
takes a place with him in his solitary 
grave by the side of his tomahawk and 
war club.'' 

We may also quote the following in 
this connection : " The use of tobacco was 
known to nearly all the American nations, 
and the pipe was their grand diplomatist. 
In making war and concluding peace it 
performed an important part. Their delib- 
erations, domestic as well as public, were 
conducted under its influences; and no 
treaty was ever made unsignalized by the 
passage of the Calumet. The transfer of 
the pipe from the lips of one individual 
to those of another was the token of amity 
and friendship, a gage of honor with the 
chivalry of the forest which was seldom 



18 

violated. In their religious ceremonies it 
was also introduced, with various degrees 
of solemnity." (Squier and Davis.) 

The American colonists adopted the 
habits of their wild brethren, and the cul- 
tivation of tobacco was one of their earliest 
occupations. Since then it has ever been 
one of the chief products of the States be- 
tween parallels 35° and 40° north, and is 
cultivated from Canada to 40° south lati- 
tude, particularly in Mexico, Brazil, and 
the West India Islands. 

The exact time of the introduction of 
tobacco into Europe is not known. It is 
probable that it found its way into Spain, 
Portugal, France, Italy and England within 
one or two years time, Spain and Portu- 
gal no doubt receiving it first. Philip the 
Second of Spain sent the Spanish physician 
Hernandez de Toledo to Mexico to study its 
natural products. On his return he pre- 
sented some tobacco plants to the king. 
This was at least as early as 1560. 



19 

In the year 1560 Jean Mcot, Lord of 
Villemain, French embassador to Portugal, 
bought some seeds from a Flemish mer- 
chant who had brought them from Florida. 
These he sent to the Grand Prior of 
France. Tobacco was hence called Herle 
du Grand Prieur. On his return to France 
in 1561, he carried with him from Lisbon 
some of the plants, which he presented to 
the queen, Catharine de Medicis. Thus it 
obtained the names Herle de la Seme and 
Herbe Medicee. He also called the atten- 
tion of scientific men to it, and introduced 
its use into fashionable society. 

Tobacco was introduced into Italy about 
the same time by Cardinal Prosper Santa 
Croce. He had also obtained it in Por- 
tugal, and it was named, in honor of him, 
Erba Santa Croce. 

The introduction of tobacco into England 
is variously attributed to Sir Francis Drake, 
Captain Richard Grenfield, Sir John Haw- 



20 

kins, and Mr. Ralph Lane. The exact 
date cannot be stated, but it was perhaps 
known as early as 1560. The plant was 
certainly well-known as early as 1586. It 
was in. this year that Sir Francis Drake 
brought some of the Indian pipes from 
America. Under the patronage of Sir 
Walter Raleigh smoking was introduced in 
the court, and soon became fashionable. 
The demand for it was so great that the 
sale of tobacco to England was one of the 
chief sources of wealth to the colonists of 
Virginia, This also laid the foundation for 
the tobacco industry of Virginia, which has 
always been characteristic of the State, and 
which unfortunately, too, has made large 
tracts of its land a barren waste. 

The use of tobacco in Asia before its 
introduction from America has been as- 
serted, but it is highly improbable, as no 
mention is made of it in literature an- 
terior to that time. The Orientals, no 



21 

doubt, practised the burning of vegetable 
substances for incense, and for the purpose 
of inhaling the narcotic fumes, but there 
is no evidence that tobacco was in the 
list. Such practices are mentioned by 
Pliny, Herodotus, and Dioscorides. Tobacco 
was introduced from Europe into Turkey 
and Arabia about the beginning of the 
seventeenth century. It was first carried 
to Java in 1601, and to India in 1609. 

Tobacco is now cultivated in all parts 
of the world, and has everywhere escaped 
from cultivation. It may be found grow- 
ing wild in the various parts of Europe 
and Asia, as well as America. I have 
frequently seen it in the forests of Ar- 
kansas and the Indian Territory. 

The countries in which it is grown are 
enumerated in Johnston's Chemistry of Com- 
mon Life as follows: "In America — Canada, 
New Brunswick, the United States, the 
Western Coast as far as 40° south lati- 



22 

tude, Brazil, Cuba, Trinidad, Jamaica, and 
the other West India Islands. In Africa 
it is cultivated on the Red Sea and the 
Mediterranean, in Egypt, Algeria, the Ca- 
naries, along the western coast, at the Cape 
of Grood Hope, and at numerous places in 
the interior of the continent. In Europe 
it has been raised with success in almost 
every country, and it forms at present an 
important agricultural product of Hungary, 
Germany, Flanders, and France. In Asia 
it has spread over Turkey, Persia, India, 
Thibet, China, Japan, the Bahamas, the 
Philippine Islands, Java, Ceylon, and to 
Australia and ]^ew Zealand. Among nar- 
cotic plants, indeed, it occupies a similar 
place to that of the potato among food- 
plants. It is the most extensively culti- 
vated, the most hardy, and the most 
tolerant of changes in temperature, altitude, 
and general climate. From the Equator 
to the fiftieth degree of latitude it may be 



23 

raised without difficulty, though it grows 
best within thirty-five degrees of latitude 
on either side of the equator. The finest 
qualities are raised between the fifteenth 
degree of north latitude, that of the Philip- 
pines, and the thirty-fifth degree, that of 
Lattakia, in Syria. 

When once introduced, tobacco became 
very popular, and its use spread rapidly 
all over Europe, Asia, and Africa. The 
secret of its ready acceptance in France 
was, perhaps, found in the wonderful heal- 
ing powers attributed to it. It was a 
panacea for all human ills. There was 
scarcely any disease for which it was not 
a remedy, and for many it was regarded 
as a certain cure. It was still cultivated 
in France as a medicinal herb long after 
smoking had become a popular dissipation 
in England. In England it was first re- 
ceived as a cure-all, but court patronage soon 
made its use fashionable and universal. 



24 

The seventeenth century was the golden 
age of tobacco in England. It was the 
especial pride of the high and the low. 
Smoking was one f of the necessary accom- 
plishments of the gentleman. It was a 
reproach and a disgrace not to be able to 
smoke. Tobacco was not used then so much 
as now^ for its effect. It was more of a 
social habit, and for that reason, perhaps, 
men did not become such slaves to it as 
they do at the present day. Its praises 
were in everybody's mouth. Poets lauded 
it, and it found a prominent place in the 
literature and the pictures of that day. In- 
deed, a tobacco mania pervaded the whole 
realm. It was originally called drinking 
tobacco, and the smoke was emitted through 
the nose as well as the mouth. The ladies, 
too, were given to the practice, both in 
England and France. 

The practice of chewing tobacco was 
never popular in Europe. It was mostly 



25 

confined to soldiers and sailors. About the 
time of the Restoration, gentlemen were oc- 
casionally met with who were addicted to 
the habit. They carried a silver spit-box 
with them in the hand, and to discharge 
the golden juice with grace into this re- 
ceptacle was considered a great accomplish- 
ment. 

We have already seen that the use of 
tobacco in powder originated with the In- 
dians. The inhaling of powdered tobacco 
or snuff for medicinal purposes was practised 
very early. It was recommended for all 
diseases of the head. Catherine de Medicis 
is said to have first used it. She intro- 
duced it to the court in 1562. While it 
was thus first used as a medicine, it soon 
became an article of luxury, and the prac- 
tice spread over France, Spain, Italy, and 
England. In the seventeenth century there 
was a mania for snuff in France similar 
to that for smoking in England. In the 
2 



26 

court of Louis XIV., jewelled snuff-boxes 
and highly scented snuffs were a part of 
the drawing-room toilet. A little later it 
became fashionable in England. "When 
William ascended the throne the prevalence 
of the Dutch taste confirmed its general 
use, and it was the fashion to be curious 
in snuffs. Valuable boxes of all kinds 
were sported, and the beaux carried canes 
with hollow heads, that they might more 
conveniently inhale a few grains through 
the perforation as they sauntered in the 
fashionable promenades. Rich essences were 
employed to flavor it, and a taste in such 
scents was considered a necessary part of 
a refined education.''* 

One of the earliest methods of making 
snuff was by grating the twisted tobacco. 
This was called tabac rape, and hence the 
name of the kind of snuff called rappee, 
which continues to enjoy popularity in 
Europe down to the present day. 

* Fairholt's Tobacco; Its History and Associations. 



27 

Snuff-taking continued to increase in 
popularity in France until, in the latter 
part of the eighteenth century, it is said 
" there was no person in France, of what- 
ever age, rank, or sex, that did not take 
snuff." The Germans followed closelv in 
the footsteps of the French. One can 
scarcely recall the name of Frederick the 
Great without thinking of his snuff-box. 
The Dutch and Scotch were scarcely less 
inveterate as snuff-takers, and the custom 
was found among all the Oriental nations. 

An Irish clergyman of the eighteenth 
century is responsible for the following : 

" before I budge an inch 



I hail Aurora with a pinch ; 
After three cups of morning tea 
A pinch most grateful is to me ; 
If then by chance the post arrive. 
My fingers still the deeper dive. 
When gallant Nelson gains his point, 
I sink in deep to middle joint ; 
As soon as e'er the work he clinches, 
Oh ! then I take the pinch of pinches. 

Whatever I do, where'er I be, 
My social box attends on me. 



28 

It warms my nose in winter's snow, 
Eefreshes midst mid-summer's glow ; 
Of hunger sharp it blunts the edge, 
And softens grief as some allege. 

For rich or poor, in peace or strife, 
It smooths the rugged path of life."* 

Lord Stanhope once estimated that two 
years of a snuff-taker's life was ''dedicated 
to tickling his nose, and two more to blow- 
ing it;" and adds, "a proper application 
of the time and money thus lost to the 
public might constitute a fund for the dis- 
charge of the national debt." 

* Fairholt. 



IV -THE PERSECUTION. 



Tobacco lovers were not permitted to 
enjoy their habits unmolested. During the 
seventeenth century a most bitter and fa- 
natical persecution was waged against to- 
bacco. While the tobacco was, no doubt, 
at that time an unmitigated evil, the spirit 
of the persecution was such as rather to give 
it new importance than to cause its use to 
be discontinued. James I. of England wrote 
a Counterblaste to Tobacco, in which there 
is much truth and at the same time much 
exaggeration and ill-temper. He character- 
izes smoking as a custom " Loathsome to 
the eye, harmful to the braine, dangerous 
to the lungs, and in the black, stinking- 
fumes thereof nearest resembling the horri- 
ble Stygian smoke of the pit that is bot- 
tomless." The following will give a still 

v (29) 



30 

better idea of the style of the royal anathe- 
mas : His Majesty said " that tobacco was 
the lively image and pattern of hell; for that 
it had, by allusion, in it all the parts and 
vices of the world, whereby hell may be 
gained; to wit: First, It ivas a smoke; so 
are the vanities of this world. Secondly, 
It delighteth them who take it; so do the 
pleasures of the world the men of the 
world. Thirdly, It maketh men drunken and 
light in the head; so do the vanities of the 
world. Fourthly, He that taketh tobacco 
saith he cannot leave it, it doth bewitch him; 
even so the pleasures of the world make 
men loath to leave them. And besides all 
this, It is like hell in the very substance of 
it, for it is a stinking, loathsome thing, and 
so is hell." His majesty further professed 
that tvere he to invite the devil to dinner, he 
should have three dishes; 1. A pig; 2. A 
pole of ling and mustard; and 3. A pipe of 
tobacco for di gesture. 



31 

King James, however, did something 
which affected the tobacco user much more 
seriously than his Counterblaste. He raised 
the duty on tobacco from two pence per 
pound to six shillings and ten pence. This 
made it an exceedingly expensive luxury. 
It is said that some of the gentry spent 
as much as $2,000 a year for tobacco.* 

Pope Urban VIII. issued a bull in 1625 
excommunicating all persons who should 
use tobacco in any form in the churches, 
and in 1690 Pope Innocent XII. excom- 
municated all who should take " snuff or 
tobacco in St. Peter's at Rome." Its use 
was prohibited by royal decrees in Persia, 
Turkey, China, and Russia. The offenders 
were punished with amputation of the nose, 
various mutilations, scourgings, etc. The 
early colonists of New England made 
enactments against it, and particularly for- 

* James L, in his Counterblaste, speaks of " Some of the 
gentry bestowing three and some four hundred pounds a 
yeere upon this precious stink. ' ; 



32 

bade its use on Sunday and during divine 
service. 

The strife ran very high. While some 
lauded it to the skies, others heaped upon 
it the bitterest curses. More than four 
hundred books are said to have been 
written against the use of tobacco, and, 
perhaps, as many in its favor. 

Persecution, however, in a matter of this 
kind is of no avail. Public sentiment, and 
a scientific demonstration of the ill effects 
of the use of tobacco, are the only things 
that can turn men away from it. A most 
important series of scientific investigations 
was made by prominent physicians of Eng- 
land about the year 1857, and their results 
were published in the London Lancet for 
that year. The most important of these re- 
sults are embodied in the discussion of the 
physiological effects of tobacco further on. 

Much has recently been written against 
the use of tobacco, and many of the lead- 



33 

ing men of the day are seriously consid- 
ering the question as to whether the world 
would not be better off without it. Un- 
fortunately, men grow fanatical, and cry out 
against it as a sin and a crime. Most of 
us have fathers and grandfathers who 
smoked and chewed all their lives, and 
yet were good Christians and robust, healthy 
men. While the intemperate use of to- 
bacco is certainly very injurious, the mod- 
erate use of it is rather a question of econ- 
omy, propriety, and decency. But more 
of this hereafter. 



V -BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. 



The tobacco plant belongs to the order 
Solanacece and the genus Nicotiana. The 
genus is named for Jean Nicot, mentioned 
above. Several species are cultivated, chiefly 
Nicotiana tabacum, which is the common 
Virginia tobacco. Nicotiana repanda and 
Nicotiana fruticosa are cultivated in the 
West Indies and tropical America. Nico- 
tiana tabacum, Nicotiana macrqphylla, and 
Nicotiana rustica are grown in Europe, the 
last chiefly in Germany, Russia, Sweden, 
and upon the shores of the Mediterranean. 

The common tobacco plant of the United 
States (N. tabacum) is an herbaceous annual 
with large, viscid-pubescent, ovate-lanceolate, 
sessile, decurrent leaves. The larger leaves 
are near the ground (about 8 by 20 inches), 

and they decrease in size toward the top. 

(34) ' 



35 

The stem is unbranched and crowned with 
a loose panicle of rose-colored flowers, 
which have funnel-shaped corollas, and pro- 
duce a two-celled capsule containing many 
black seeds. The leaf is green, ripening 
to a yellowish brown, and the plant grows 
four to six feet high. 

The order to which tobacco belongs has 
rather a bad reputation, as almost every 
genus contains poisonous plants, and they 
are generally unsightly, or have an un- 
pleasant odor. Among the disreputable 
kindred of tobacco are night-shade (Solatium 
nigrum), horse-nettle (Solarium Oarolinensis), 
Belladonna (Atrojpa Belladonna), henbane 
(Ilyoscyamus niger), and Jimson weed 
(Datura Stramonium). The character of the 
order is somewhat relieved by the Irish 
potato (Solatium tuberosum), pepper (Capsi- 
cum annuum), tomato (Ly coper sicum esculen- 
tuni), and the night-blooming jessamine 
( Oestrum Par qui). 



YL— CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. 



Chemical analysis shows the tobacco leaf 
to contain an unusual number of constituents. 
Nicotine, nicotianine, and tobacco acid or malic 
acid are characteristic. Nitric, hydrochloric, 
suljDhuric, phosphoric, citric, acetic, oxalic, 
pictic, and ulmic acids are also present. 
The quantity of mineral matter is large, 
amounting in some cases to 27 per cent. 
This is chiefly lime, potash, common salt, 
magnesia, and silica, The leaf a 7 so con- 
tains albumen, cellulose, gum, and resin. 

Nicotine C 10 H 14 N 2 is a colorless, oily 
liquid, with the odor of tobacco and an 
acrid taste. It has strong basic properties, 
forming crystalline salts with acids. It is 
soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, and 
on exposure to light becomes reddish-brown. 

(36) 



37 

It is a deadly poison, even in small doses, 
and in the minutest quantities causes con- 
vulsions and paralysis. It produces death 
more quickly than any other poison except 
Prussic acid. 

The quantity of nicotine in dried tobacco 
leaves varies from eight per cent, in the 
poorer qualities to less than two per cent, 
in the best Havana tobacco. Virginia to- 
bacco has from six to seven per cent., and 
the tobacco of Europe from five to eight 
per cent. Since the physiological properties 
of tobacco are chieflv due to nicotine, the 
fine tobaccos are much less harmful than 
the poorer kinds. 

Xicotianine, or tobacco camphor, is a 
fatty substance, obtained by distilling the 
leaves with water. It forms minute acicular 
crystals, and has a bitter taste and a to- 
bacco-like odor. It is supposed to be iden- 
tical with cumarin C 9 H 6 2 found in the 
tonka bean and some other plants. It im- 



38 

parts much of the flavor to tobacco, and 
the kinds which contain most of it are 
preferred. 

Nicotic, or tobacco acid, is characteristic, 
and has been found to be identical with 
malic acid. 

By dry distillation of tobacco a dark 
empyreumatic oil is obtained, which has 
the peculiar odor of old, foul pipe stems. 
It has a sharp, acrid taste, and is a violent 
poison.* It is a constituent of tobacco 

* Tobacco is not mentioned in Shakespeare, but this oil 
is supposed to be the substance referred to as the "juice of 
cursed hebenon" in Hamlet, Act I., Scene V., when Hamlet's 
father, as the Ghost, reveals the manner of his death: 

u Sleeping within mine orchard, 
My custom always in the afternoon, 
Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole, 
With juice of cursed hebenon in a phial, 
And in the porches of mine ear did pour 
The leperous distilment; whose effect 
Holds such an enmity with the blood of man 
That, swift as quicksilver, it courses through 
The natural gates and alleys of the body ; 
And with a sudden vigor it doth posset 
And curd, like eager droppings into milk, 
The thin and wholesome blood. So did it mine, 
And a most instant tetter barked about, 



39 

smoke. Zeise found the smoke of tobacco 
to contain, besides this empyreumatic oil, 
carbonic oxide, carbonous oxide, butyric 
acid, ammonia, paraffin, an empyreumatic 
resin, a hydrocarbon, and traces of acetic 
acid. 

Most Lazar-like, with vile and loathsome crust, 

All my smoothe body. 

Thus was I, sleeping, by a brother's hand 

Of life, of crown, of queen, at once despoiled." 



VII -PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. 



All animals are poisoned by nicotine. 
The fatal close is extremely small. In ex- 
periments on rabbits it was found that a 
single drop would produce death in three 
and a half minutes. Its action is propor- 
tionately rapid in other animals. In fish 
and frogs its action is slow. Reptiles 
seem to be more easily affected by it. 
" Some tobacco juice thrown into the mouth 
of a black snake, six feet long, caused it 
to writhe spasmodically for a few moments 
and then become ri°id, in which state it 
remained after death." The following are 
the results of the observations made by 
Melier upon dogs after the subcutaneous 
injection of nicotine in doses of from one 

to eight drops: The breathing was affected 

(40) 



41 

first, and became difficult and anxious. The 
pupils were dilated, and the animals stag- 
gered in walking. There was afterwards 
vomiting, and a discharge of ropy mucus 
from the mouth. Then followed trembling, 
convulsions, complete exhaustion, paralysis, 
and death. (Stille.) Its action has been 
more carefully studied by Kolliker. Van 
Praag, and others, and may be summed 
up thus: "Nicotine primarily lowers the 
circulation, quickens the respiration, and ex- 
cites the muscular system, but its ultimate 
effect is general exhaustion, both of animal 
and organic life." 

The effects of nicotine upon man have 
been determined by careful experiments. 
The following are the observations made by 
Schroff upon two men to whom he admin- 
istered nicotine in doses of from g 2 to ^ of a 
grain : Even the minutest doses occasioned 
a burning sensation in the tongue, a hot, 
acrid irritation in the fauces, and when 

3 



42 

larger quantities were taken, the entire 
length of the oesophagus felt as if it had 
been scraped with an iron instrument. 
Salivation was abundant. A sense of heat 
diffused itself to the chest, head, and finger 
tips, accompanied by general excitement. 
In larger doses the brain was more affected, 
and there was heaviness, torpor, sleepiness, 
indistinct vision, imperfect hearing, dryness 
of the throat, and labored respiration. In 
forty minutes a sense of unwonted debility 
and weariness was perceived, the head 
could scarcely be held erect, the face was 
pale, the features relaxed, the extremities 
became as cold as ice, and the coldness 
gradually advanced towards the trunk. 
Faintness ensued with coming insensibility 
and loss of consciousness. One of the ex- 
perimenters was attacked in the first half 
of the second hour with peculiar clonic 
spasms of the whole body, which increased 
in violence during forty minutes, and lasted 



43 

an hour. The spasms began by a tremu- 
lous movement of the limbs, and gradually 
involved the whole muscular system, chiefly 
affecting the muscles of respiration. This 
act was oppressed and short, every respi- 
ratory movement being composed of a 
number of short and incomplete inspira- 
tions. The other experimenter was effected 
at this period with unusual muscular de- 
bility, very laborious respiration, and a 
rigor. In other respects his symptoms were 
the same. Both persons, on their return 
home, felt extremely weak and chilly, and 
walked with ill-assured steps. One of them 
had a return of the spasms. The follow- 
ing night both were restless and sleepless, 
and the next day were unwell, tired, sleepy, 
and without appetite. Three days elapsed 
before the effects were entirely dissipated. 
(Stille.) 

Nicotine is one of the most violent of 
poisons. When given in sufficient quantity 



44 

it produces death in man in from two to five 
minutes. 

The symptoms of tobacco poisoning are 
the same as those of nicotine, except that 
the intensity is diminished. These symp- 
toms always ensue when one not accus- 
tomed to tobacco takes it in any form. 
They are seen in persons just beginning 
to chew or smoke. Habit inures the sys- 
tem to it so that large quantities may be 
used without momentary inconvenience, and 
in this case its effects are manifested in 
constitutional disorders. 

The poisonous dose cannot be defined. 
This depends upon the susceptibility of the 
individual. Poisoning may follow its in- 
troduction into the stomach or its external 
application, and if a sufficient quantity gets 
into the system death is always the result. 
There is no antidote, and the only hope 
of recovery from the poison lies in emetics, 
heat, friction, artificial restoration, etc. An 



45 

overdose of tobacco causes nausea, malaise, 
giddiness, vomiting, colic, diarrhoea, coldness 
of the limbs, clonic spasms, utter prostra- 
tion, and, if the dose is sufficient, death. 
Alarming symptoms sometimes follow the 
mere inhalation of the emenation from to- 
bacco, and several cases of death are re- 
ported from this cause. Serious and some- 
times fatal results follow the swallowing of 
tobacco or tobacco juice, even by those ac- 
customed to its use. A case is told of a 
young man who swallowed a piece of crude 
tobacco. " He became suddenly insensible, 
motionless, and relaxed, with contracted pu- 
pils and a scarcely perceptible pulse. There 
succeeded convulsions, loud cries, vomiting, 
and death by syncope or exhaustion." 
Similar effects sometimes follow immoderate 
smoking. 

All the symptoms of tobacco poisoning 
are produced by the external application 
of tobacco and its preparations. Moist 



46 

leaves applied to the tender parts of the 
body produce vomiting and exhaustion. The 
application of the oil from a tobacco pipe 
to a ringworm on a child caused the usual 
effects, and made the child feeble and sickly 
for five years thereafter. 

Tobacco is an excellent remedial agent, 
but owing to the uncertainty of its action, 
and the distressing and sometimes fatal 
consequences of its administration, it has 
not been much used as a medicine. It is 
particularly useful as a nervous sedative. 
It is also used in diseases of the digestive 
system, pulmonary affections, dropsy, etc. 
It is applied externally in the treatment 
of skin diseases, gout, articular rheumatism, 
and nasal polypus. It has been used in 
cholera morbus and lead colic, and is said 
to be a certain antidote in poisoning by 
mushrooms. 



VIIL— CULTIVATION. 



The seeds are sown in March in beds 
specially prepared, and in April or May 
the plants are transferred to the fields and 
planted in rows two or three feet apart. 
They are cultivated with the plough and 
hoe. The leaf being the useful part, care 
is taken to concentrate there as much of 
the strength of the plant as possible. In 
order to attain this object, when ten or 
twelve leaves are formed the plant is top- 
ped to prevent flowering and seeding. All 
lateral shoots and suckers are carefully re- 
moved. When mature, the plants are cut 
and cured and prepared for shipment. In 
the curing process the leaves are piled in 
heaps and caused to undergo a sort of fer- 
mentation. By this means the albuminous 

(47) 



48 

matters are destroyed, the amount of nico- 
tine made less, and aromatic substances 
produced. 

The cultivation of tobacco is not much 
favored by the best farmers, as it is very 
exhausting to the soil. The great amount 
of mineral matter it removes causes the 
land to wear out very rapidly. The to- 
bacco leaf, when burned, gives from 11 to 
28 per cent, of ash. Then there is a large 
amount of nitrogen in the nicotine, nitre, 
and albumine of the leaves. All these 
must come from the soil. The quantity 
of matter removed from the soil by a ton 
of tobacco is about fourteen times as great 
as the quantity removed by an equal weight 
of the grains of wheat. Tobacco land, 
therefore, unless carefully rested and fer- 
tilized, soon wears out. 



IX— PRODUCTION. 



Tobacco is cultivated nowhere so exten- 
sively as in the United States. Most 
countries scarcely produce enough for home 
consumption, while the United States ex- 
ports the greater part of its yield and 
supplies half the world. The average crop 
may be taken at 450,000,000 pounds, 
250,000,000 of which are sent to foreign 
countries, chiefly England and Germany. 
More than one-third of the export goes to 
Bremen. Liverpool is the next greatest 
.market. 

Next to the United States, Cuba grows 
the most tobacco. Its annual yield is about 
60,000,000 pounds. Austria produces about 
45,000,000 pounds, and France 20,000,000 
pounds. Its cultivation is prohibited in 



England. 



(49) 



X.--KEVEMJE. 



Tobacco is taxed heavily in all coun- 
tries, and thus becomes a source of great 
government revenue. Its cultivation is pro- 
hibited in England in order to increase 
the imposts. 

The annual receipts of the United States 
from duties on tobacco is near $35,000,000. 
That of England is about $40,00),000. 
Tobacco is a monopoly in France, and the 
government profit is some $60,000,000. The 
duties in Austria amount to $40,000,000. 
Notwithstanding this great revenue, it is 
doubtful whether tobacco is of real profit 
to a nation, since it takes the people's 
money without returning a just equivalent. 
A country, as a whole, is benefitted only 
by that which brings real good to its citi- 
zens. 

(50) 



XI— FORMS. 



The forms in which tobacco is prepared 
for use are chewing tobacco, smoking tobacco, 
cigars and snuff. 

Chewing tobacco is made from leaves of 
an ordinary or inferior quality by pressing, 
twisting, or cutting. Liquorice, syrups, and 
various flavoring matters are used, and 
sometimes leaves of other plants are mixed 
in. To make what is called " fine-cut," 
leaves of the best quality are cut by ma- 
chinery into fine shreds. 

The common smoking tobacco is made 
from fragments of leaves and stems, and 
is frequently adu terated. 

The greatest amount of tobacco is con- 
sumed in the form of cigars. The best 
cigars come from Havana, partly because 

(51) 



the tobacco is of a superior quality, and 
partly because the Cubans are more skill- 
ful in the manufacture. While the Amer- 
ican adheres to his pipe, the cigar is of 
almost exclusive use among the better 
classes in Europe. The cigarette is quite 
popular now. It is prepared by the smo- 
ker for immediate use by rolling up finely 
cut tobacco in thin pieces of paper. 

Snuff is prepared by grinding the to- 
bacco in mills. It has been used since 
tobacco has been known, and is applied to 
the nose. Ammoniacal and lead salts and 
aromatic substances are added, and it is 
to these and the free nicotine present that 
snuff owes it irritant action upon the mu- 
cous membrane of the nose. The use of 
snuff in England and France after its in- 
troduction became almost universal, but is 
now on the decline. 

There is another method of snuff-taking 
which seems to be peculiar to the Southern 



53 



United States. It is in vogue among the 
women of the lower classes and the ne- 
groes, and has unfortunately found accept- 
ance with some of the best women of 
the South. There is a strong public sen- 
timent against it, however, to which it 
must eventually yield. The snuff is ap- 
plied to the tongue with a little spoon, 
hence the name "dipping." A wooden or 
bark brush is however more frequently 
used instead of the spoon. 



XII— ADULTERATIONS. 



Adulterations of tobacco are very com- 
mon, particularly in those countries where 
the duties are high. Some of the sub- 
stances used as adulterations are harmless, 
while many add much to the injurious 
effects of the tobacco. Some are added 
merely to gratify the taste of the buyer. 
Saccharine matters are most used, such as 
sugar, molasses, treacle and liquorice. Dex- 
trine, gum, saltpetre, green vitriol, com- 
mon salt, sal ammoniac, yellow ocre, resin, 
sand, dyewoods, fustic, peat, red lead, 
starch, bark, meal, and o.ther substances 
are added to give pungency and add 
weight. The leaves of other plants are 
frequently mixed with the tobacco leaves. 

Those most used are the leaves of beet, 

(54) 



55 

rhubarb, cabbage, dock, burdock, and colt's 
foot. Mosses, bran, malt-combs and terra 
japonica are sometimes added. Other plants 
possessing narcotic properties are used in 
verious countries as a substitute for to- 
bacco, or as an adulteration. The follow- 
ing is from Johnston's Chemistry of Life: 
"As substitutes for, or admixtures with 
tobacco, the leaves of different species of 
rhubarb, large and small, are collected in 
Thibet and on the slopes of the Hima- 
laya. The long leaves of a Tupistra, 
called PurphioJc, which yields a sweet juice, 
are also gathered in Sikkim, chopped up 
and mixed with tobacco for the hookah — 
(Dr. Hooker). Other substitutes for gen- 
uine tobacco have been adopted in other 
countries, either from poverty or from taste. 
As a substitute for tobacco snuff, the pow- 
dered rusty leaves of the Rhododendron 
campanulatum are used in India, and in 
the United States of North America the 



56 

brown dust which adheres to the petioles 
of the kalmias and rhododendrons. All 
these plants possess narcotic qualities. The 
Otomacs, a tribe of clay-eaters in South 
America, also make a kind of snuff from 
the powdered pods of the Accacia niopo. 
This snuff throws them into a state of 
intoxication bordering on madness, which 
lasts for several days. While under its 
influence the cares and restraints of life 
are forgotten, and dreadful crimes are per- 
petrated.'' 

A word mav be said in this connection 
in regard to the flavors of different kinds 
of tobacco. These depend upon the cli- 
mate, soil, method of culture, manner of 
curing and manufacturing, age, and also 
upon the manure used in fertilizing the 
land upon which it is grown. The char- 
acteristic substances of the dried tobacco 
leaf are volatile and gradually escape. 
Thus, as manufactured tobacco and cigars 



57 

grow older, they become less active and 

mere delicate in flavor. The mere deli- 
cate flavor- depend upon the nature of the 

soil and the kind of fertilizer used. "Even 
to the grosser senses and less minute ob- 
servation of Europeans, it is known, for 
example, that pig's dung carries its gout 
into the tobacco raised by its means. But 
the more refined organs and nicer appre- 
ciation of the Druses and Maronites of 
Mount Lebanon readily recognize by the 
flavor of their tobacco the variety of ma- 
nure employed in its cultivation. Hence 
among the mountains of Syria, and in 
other parts of the East, those samples of 
tobacco are held in the highest esteem 
which have been aided in their growth by 
the droppings of the goat."* Let the 
smoker think of this when he is enjoying 
the delicate flavor of his tine cigar. 

)hnston's I 

4 



xm-usE. 

" RAUCH — RAUCH — IMMEB RAUCH ! " 

The practice of chewing tobacco is no- 
where so prevalent as in the United States. 
The American is omnivorous, and, there- 
fore, must eat tobacco as well as other 
things. Xot satisfied with this, he must 
also smoke, snuff, and dip. and occasion- 
ally one is found who indulges the prac- 
tice of thrusting the "quid" in the nos- 
trils. 

The man who is able smokes fine ci- 
gars, the poorer man smokes the pipe for 
economy, and as that is not always con- 
venient, he often chews instead. The old 
woman, too. smokes her pipe and the 
younger ladies assemble around a huge 

spittoon and have a social "dip." Chew- 
(58) 



59 

ing is more common in the South and 
West, while smoking prevails in the North 
and East. Smoking is much more prac- 
ticed than chewing, and will survive it 
many decades. It has the advantage of 
being more respectable, more decent, and 
less injurious. It has a strong hold upon 
the American people, and will long retain 
its powder. Be it said to the credit of 
this people, however, that there are many 
who do not use tobacco at all. There is 
a large anti-tobacco element, which is con- 
stant! v gaining strength. Reform must be 
slow, since men are loth to leave a habit 
once contracted. It must be hoped for 
only in the next generation. We are much 
encouraged in this hope by the fact that 
many young men are now taking steps in 
the direction of total abstinence from to- 
bacco. The sentiment has grown so strong 
in some of our colleges and theological 
schools that the practice is regarded as 



60 

rather disgraceful. This is a healthy sen- 
timent, and I am glad to see that young 
preachers are active in this matter. It is 
useless to fight against a habit as long as 
the bearers of the banner of the Cross are 
its slaves. If any profession should be pure, 
it is the ministry. Notwithstanding all that 
may be said to the contrary, it is a certain 
fact that the use of tobacco by a minis- 
ter of the gospel is always the occasion 
of remark, and is in a degree prejudicial 
to his influence. This consideration alone, 
if there were no other, should persuade 
him to renounce the unclean thing. A 
common apology of mankind is, "I see 
no harm in it." A far nobler thought is, 
" Do others see harm in it?" This is 
what Paul meant when he said, " Where- 
fore if meat make my brother to offend, 
I will eat no more flesh while the world 
standeth." — 1 Cor. viii. 13. 

So common is the custom of chewing 



61 

tobacco in the United States that the spit- 
toon is a piece of furniture scarcely less 
requisite than the chair or the water bucket. 
No house is complete without it. In the 
court-room, in the assembly hall, in the 
office, by the domestic hearth, and in the 
parlor, Ave always find this ubiquitous little 
article ; and like an angry skunk, when- 
ever disturbed it sends forth stifling odors, 
suggestive of the slaughter pen and the 
charnel house. The mixed crowds that as- 
semble in the legislative halls at Washing- 
ton may be taken as fairly representative 
of the conditions of things in the States 
from which they come. There chewing 
and spitting are in their glory. The first 
legitimate conclusion that one can come to 
in passing his eye over the assembled 
congress, is that those honorable gentlemen 
had met for the serious purpose of chew- 
ing their quids and filling the public spit- 
toons. This would not be so bad if the 



62 

spittoon was always the recipient of the 
contents of those capacious mouths. But 
such is not the case. The carpets, the 
floors, the seats and the desks all receive 
their share, and one can neither walk nor 
sit without becoming besmeared with the 
amber fluid. Dickens, in his American 
notes, calls Washington the " headquarters 
of tobacco-tinctured saliva," and in speak- 
ing of the Senate seriously recommends 
" all strangers not to look at the floor ; 
and if they happen to drop any thing, 
though it be their purse, not to pick it up 
with an ungloved hand on any account." 
This is certainly a poor improvement upon 
the snuff-taking mania of the days of 
Henry Clay. If tobacco could be entirely 
cleaned out of the capitol at Washington, 
those august bodies that assemble there, 
together with the nation which they repre- 
sent, would rise one hundred per cent, in 
the estimation of foreign countries, and in 



63 

their own self respect. The lawyer and 
the politician seem more devoted to tobacco 
than any other class of men ; and this ac- 
counts, perhaps, for the bloom and luxuri- 
ance of the practice in our capitol city. 
The sour smell of old tobacco juice is emi- 
nently characteristic of the court-house, and 
the lawyer's office-stove whose base is not 
loaded with defunct quids is an anomaly 
which has never come under my observation. 

In Europe smoking is almost universal, 
but the tobacco chewer is seldom met with 
except among sailors. The average Euro- 
pean would be thoroughly disgusted with 
this decidedly American way of using to- 
bacco. But the curling smoke of the 
cigar is his great delight. From the 
time one lands upon the Continent until 
he sets sail again, he is hardly out of an 
atmosphere of tobacco smoke. 

The German is the prince of European 
smokers. The Irishman smokes not less 



64 

perhaps, but with him it becomes a nec- 
essary sensual gratification, while with the 
German it is a luxury, an accomplishment, 
a pleasure and a duty. He smokes all 
the time and everywhere. At home, at 
the table, on Dhe street, in the parlor, in 
the concert hall, in the railroad coach ; 
indeed, there is scarcely any place where 
the savory fumes of the beloved weed may 
not be met. In Germany there are no 
smoking-cars and no smoking-rooms. Occa- 
sionally one can find a car (Nichtratccher) 
where smoking is not allowed, but even 
these are often filled with fumes of tobacco. 
During a six-months' residence at Berlin, 
I met with but one German who did not 
smoke. 

According to the law of association of 
ideas, the words German, tobacco and beer 
mutually suggest each other. In Germany 
the woinen do not use tobacco. The man 
claims the right to do all the smoking, 



65 

and considers that if he divides his glass 
of beer with his wife, he has discharged 
his whole duty. If there is any thing he 
is faithful to, it is his pipe and cigar. 
His beloved beer glass must be left at 
home, but not so his cigar. He makes it 
a point to smoke all day long, not even 
stopping at his meals. He carries his 
cigar to the table and smokes between 
dishes, and frequently alternates whiffs of 
smoke with mouthfuls of food. It is his 
delight to sit by you and puff clouds of 
smoke directly in your face, and that, too, 
regardless of your sex. However crowded 
a room may be all day long, a restaurant, 
for instance, it never occurs to him to 
replace the fumes by fresh air. The con- 
cert halls are furnished with chairs and 
tables, and while the audience is being 
regaled with choice selections from Mozart, 
Strauss, Flotow and others, especially noisy, 
boisterous, thundering Wagner, each indi- 



66 

vidual is assiduously following his favorite 
occupation. The men smoke, the women 
knit, and both drink beer, while the ut- 
most seriousness pervades the whole as- 
sembly. 

Enjoying one's self is a matter of bus- 
iness among these people, and seeking 
amusement is regarded a duty irrespective 
of one's inclinations. If you do not want 
to smoke, you must do so anyhow, for 
that is, by common consent, considered one 
of the highest sources of enjoyment, and 
you would be doing yourself the greatest 
injustice to so deny yourself. To refuse 
a cigar or a glass of beer is a breach of 
etiquette which is unpardonable, and at the 
same time is a violation of one of the 
first laws of German being — one must have 
amusement (vergniigwig) . 

The German, however, has one redeem- 
ing trait. He does not chew. He is too 
decent for that. But smoking is an evi- 



67 

dence of good breeding. A man prome- 
nading in the parks and beer gardens on 
a Sunday afternoon without a cigar either 
in his mouth, hand or pocket, would feel 
himself utterly disgraced. The j)ipe in 
such a place would be very plebeian. This 
should be confined within the sacred pre- 
cincts of home. The pipe at home for 
economy, the cigar on the street and in 
society for respectability — this is the code. 
Such is the intemperance in the use of 
tobacco that the physicians frequently have 
to make it the subject of discipline in the 
treatment of their patients. The evil 
effects of it would be much greater were 
it not for the fact that young boys do 
not smoke. The cigar and the " stove- 
pipe " are contemj)oraneously assumed. 
Americans might learn a valuable lesson 
from this example. 

It is useless to talk now to the German 
about quitting tobacco. He is so wedded 



68 

to the weed that he will have to undergo 
a complete social and physical regeneration 
before reform will be possible. Tobacco 
reform in America has a bright future, but 
in Germany it is a forlorn hope. 

Next to the German, perhaps, is the 
Italian in point of this accomplishment, 
and the peasants of the Tyrol are seldom 
seen without the pipe. I think if a line 
be drawn from Berlin to Rome it may be 
taken as the line of maximum use. East 
and West of this line the amount of to- 
bacco consumed gradually diminishes, with 
local exaggerations occasionally, as in Spain 
and Ireland. Paddy and his clay pipe 
are inseparable, and the women smoke in 
Spain as w^ell as the men. 

In England and France the cigar is a 
necessary accomplishment, and snuff still 
holds its sway. Russia follows close be- 
hind, and the cigarette is quite popular 
among the ladies there. 



69 

It is in Asia, however, that the greatest 
quantity of tobacco is used. The people 
of Turkey, Persia, India, and China all 
smoke without- respect to class, sex, or age. 
In Burmah the children smoke in the 
mother's arms. Tobacco has not only kept 
pace, with civilization but has far out- 
traveled it, and may to-day be found in 
every nook] and corner of the habitable 
globe. 



XIV.-THE PIPE, TOBACCO-BOX AND SNUFF-BOX. 



" A pipe ! a pipe ! My heart's blood for a pipe ! " 

From its earliest history, the pipe has 
been associated with tobacco. The first 
forms were very much like the little clay 
pipes common now in Ireland. In the 
ancient pipes the cavity in the bowl was 
always very small, showing that very lit- 
tle tobacco was smoked at a time. This 
was, perhaps, partly due to its costliness. 
It limst also be remembered that it was 
formerly customary to pass the pipe from 
mouth to mouth, however large the com- 
pany. These little pipes were called " fairy 
pipes " or " elfin pipes." 

Pipes are found in great quantities in 
the Indian mounds of America, about the 

old Mexican ruins, at London, and on the 

(70) 



71 

Continent generally. This fact alone, had 
we no history, would show how universal 
has been the practice of smoking since it 
was introduced. 

The pipe consists essentially of a bowl 
to hold the tobacco and a stem through 
which to draw the smoke into the mouth. 
A secondary bowl is sometime added as a 
receptacle for the poisonous oil which col- 
lects in the stem and is liable to be 
drawn into the mouth. The excellence of 
the meerschaum pipe depends upon the fa- 
cility with which it absorbs this oil. The 
pipe is thus darkened, and to get a rich 
uniform brown tint is considered a great 
feat. " There is a legend of one who 
determined to have a perfect meerschaum, 
and it must be understood that perfection 
cannot be. attained if the pipe once lighted 
be allowed to cool ; so an arrangement 
was made that it should pass from mouth 
to mouth of a regiment of soldiers, the 



72 

owner of the pipe paying the bill. After 
seven months a most perfect pipe was 
handed to the ' fortunate ' proprietor, with 
a bill for more than one hundred pounds 
sterling, which had been the cost of the 
tobacco sacrificed in the feat." * 

In the Eastern pipe, called the hookah, the 
smoke is thoroughly cooled by being drawn 
through water, and afterwards through a 
long stem, and is thus deprived of much 
of the injurious matters. It requires con- 
siderable force to draw the smoke through 
the water and thus this pipe is said to 
be injurious to the lungs. 

Tobacco pipes have been the subjects of 
embellishment and ornamental design in 
all countries, and thus large sums of money 
have been spent upon them. The Ger- 
mans in particular have given attention to 
carving upon their pipes scenes from real 
life, such as landscapes, battles, sleigh- 

* Fairholt's Tobacco, p. 195. 



73 

rides, boar-hunts, and illustrations of fairy- 
tales and German legends. The heads of 
prominent men and of animals, and cari- 
catures of all sorts, have been favorite 
subjects for pipes with the French and 
English. The hookah of the Eastern 
prince is even more elaborately wrought 
and is often embellished with gold and 
precious stones. Mention is made of a 
single Austrian pipe which cost $5,000.00, 
and Johnston says, "A collection of pipes 
worth £6,000 ($30,000.00) is no unusual 
thing with high official and rich private 
persons in Constantinople." * 

The cigar holder and tobacco-box are 
also a part of the paraphernalia of the 
smoker, and much money is spent upon 
them. Elaborate and costly tobacco-boxes 
were particularly fashionable during the 
reign of Queen Elizabeth. 

The snuff-box, too, is worthy of men- 

* Chemistry of 'Common Life, p. 285. 
5 



74 

tion. We find here the same lavish ex- 
penditure of money as in the case of the 
pipe. The finest of woods and precious 
stones, gold, silver, diamonds, and mosaics 
were used in their construction, and the 
art of both sculptor and painter was 
brought into requisition. 



XV.--THE HABIT. 



" Habits are soon assumed, but when we strive 
To strip them, 'tis being flayed alive." — Cowper. 

Habit is defined as "a constitution or 
state of mind or body which disposes one 
to certain acts or conditions, mental or 
physical." Habits are originally the re- 
sults of voluntary acts, but may pass be- 
yond the control of the will. Wisely 
formed, they may be of the greatest ad- 
vantage to man mentally, morally, and 
physically, while injudicious habits dissipate 
fortunes and destroy mind, character, health, 
and happiness. Paley called man a ''bun- 
dle of habits." There is much truth in 
the remark, and a man's character is the 
algebraic sum of his habits, the good ones 

(75) 



76 

being regarded as positive and the bad 
ones negative. 

There are two kinds of habits. First, 
there are habits that are conducive to 
man's general well-being, and are not 
liable to grow beyond a certain degree. 
Such are habits of early rising, cleanli- 
ness, punctuality, regularity in eating, and 
the general cultivation of those things 
which make man a gentleman. Secondly, 
there are habits which pander to the purely 
sensual nature. These gradually grow 
stronger and tend to give the appetites, 
desires and passions supremacy over the 
will and better judgment. This may com- 
prehensively be taken to include the ordi- 
nary vices, such as avarice, covetousness, 
lust, gormandizing, gambling, sporting, swear- 
ing, dancing, etc., as well as the use of 
stimulants and sedatives, such as tobacco, 
opium, hashish, and intoxicating liquors. 
The habits of this class are to be sedu- 



77 



lously avoided, not that they are all in 
themselves hurtful, but that they all have 
a tendency to grow and enslave those who 
indulge in them. They are like the coil 
of the boa, gradually tightening until their 
victim is crushed. The only really safe 
ground is total abstinence. These effects 
are most marked in the use of stimulants. 
An excited and abnormal condition of the 
body is produced, which is succeeded by a 
relapse. This leaves a languor and sense of 
malaise which crave relief. To obtain this 
relief, resort is again had to the stimulant. 
The new dose exaggerates the effects, and 
thus the matter grows worse and worse 
until the man is a wreck. In the case 
of tobacco, the physical effects are not so 
striking, but the enslavement is equally 
great. 

I desire here to suggest three reasons 
why young men in particular should not 
form this habit : 



78 

1. While it is fascinating and enter- 
taining now, after a while it will disgust 
and annoy. 

2. While it is popular and fashionable 
now, it will not be so a few years hence. 
You will have the misfortune to have on 
a dress not in the fashion. The chewer, 
particularly, and the smoker, in a meas- 
ure, will soon be, as is the snuff-taker now, 
an object of remark and ridicule. 

3. Your ability to perform successfully 
your life-work depends upon the freedom 
of your mind and body from enslaving 
habits. Such habits, while they may not 
shorten life, render old age imbecile, and 
unfit the mind for the proper performance 
of its work. It must ever labor under 
the high pressure of stimulants, and thus 
wears out the sooner. 



XVI— ASSOCIATION. 



The associations of tobacco are very bad- 
Its most congenial home is the dram-shop, 
the gambling den, and the race-track. 
"Have a cigar," generally suggests, " Have 
a drink." When we see a cigar store we 
naturally look for bottles and glasses in the 
back room. The first cigar is but too 
often the first step towards rowdyism, dis- 
sipation, and degradation. It keeps such 
bad company that safety and propriety 
both admonish us to avoid it. 

It is in America, too, that tobacco has 
its worst associations. In other countries 
its use is so universal that it can hardly be 
regarded as peculiar to places of ill-repute. 
In the United States those who use no 
tobacco at all are almost universally found 

(79) 



80 

among the best people of the land, and 
the anti-tobacco sentiment is growing so 
rapidly that we hope soon to see the cigar 
and the spittoon finally relegated to those 
places mentioned above, where they prop- 
erly belong. 

There may be some exaggeration in the 
following lines by Petrus Scriverinus, but 
they are at least worthy of thoughtful 
consideration : 

" Old men and young, beware ! beware ! 
A pipe of tobacco is Satan's snare ; 
Not surer the net for birds is spread, 
By the pipe's sweet note to capture led, 
Than the whiffs which the lovers of smoking take, 
Are sure to lead to the the Stygian lake." 



XVIL-THE SOCIAL CHARACTER OF THE HABIT. 



The social character of the habit of 
using tobacco is that, perhaps, which gives 
it its strongest hold upon the people. It 
is the whipper-in, so to speak. Here is 
found the cause of the first step. The 
cigar and snuff-box are passed around, and 
if you refuse to participate you are con- 
sidered unsocial. The habit is fashionable 
and popular, and thousands are thus drawn 
in who would otherwise not have the in- 
clination to indulge. In this way the habit 
is formed which charms indeed for a time, 
but in the end can only bring regret. 

Young men meet together to have a 
social smoke. Words flow freely, restraint 
is thrown oif, and things are said and done 
which corrupt the mind and degrade the 

(81) 



82 

man. One of the foulest places I ever 
saw for black-guard, profanity, and indecent 
language was the smoking-room of an ocean 
steamer. Satan is present with every 
crowd of young men, and if they are not 
at some useful employment he will find 
something for them to do. 

1 remember of being once at a little 
gathering at the home of a distinguished 
man. The party was quite select. JNone 
but married people were there and all were 
members of the Church. After dinner the 
gentlemen repaired to the smoking room 
and the ladies remained in the parlor. 
The conversation soon grew light and tales 
and anecdotes began to pass around. Some 
were told which it makes me blush to 
think of now. But for the cigar we 
would have remained with the ladies, our 
conversation would have been chaste, and 
our hearts had been unstained. 

".Satan finds some mischief still 
For idle hands to do." 



XV1IL— PHYSIOLOGICAL. 



" Smoking induces drinking, drinking jaundice, and 
jaundice death." 

The effects of the use of tobacco upon 
the system as determined by the careful 
observation of physiologists are as follows : 

1. Used in moderation, it produces no 
ill effects on most persons, and is sup- 
posed by some to promote digestion and 
produce a genial flow of animal spirits. 

2. There are many persons to whom 
the smallest quantities are injurious. 

3. Even its moderate use is universally 
hurtful to boys and young men before they 
reach maturity. 

4. Intemperately used it produces chronic 
abnormal conditions of the system, such as 
nervousness, dyspepsia, ulceration of the 

(83) 



84 

lips, fauces and mucous membrane of the 
mouth, confusion of ideas, palpitation of 
the heart, hypochondriasis, deafness, general 
paralysis, dimness of vision {Tobacco amau- 
rosis), etc. Other common results are irri- 
tability, indecision, loss of courage, bodily 
weakness, emasculation, mania, etc. Fur- 
thermore, tobacco is not a prophylactic as 
has been sometimes supposed. On the 
contrary the tobacco user is the more sus- 
ceptible to contagion and less able to com- 
bat disease when it has obtained a hold 
upon the system. 

All of these conditions and symptoms 
have been repeatedly obserA^ed by learned 
physicians, and cases illustrating each have 
been reported in medical journals. I have 
not space to quote such reports here, but 
the curious student who has not patience 
to examine the journals, will find ample 
illustration and proof in Lizar's excellent 
little book on "The Use and Abuse of 



85 

Tobacco." * I commend this to the care- 
ful consideration of the reader, because 
facts are arguments that are unanswerable. 
It is proper here to define what we 
mean by the moderate use of tobacco. 
After the long discussion which took place 
in the London Lancet in 1857, the follow- 
ing definition of excess is given in a lead- 
ing article : f 

1. "To smoke early in the day is excess. 

2. "As people are generally constituted, 
to smoke more than one or two pipes of 
tobacco, or one or two cigars daily, is 
excess. 

3. " Youthful indulgence in smoking is 
excess. 

4. " There are physiological indications 
which occuring in any individual case (how 
ever little may be used) are criteria of 
excess." 

* Lindsay & Blackiston, Philadelphia. 1879. 
t Lizar's Use and Abuse of Tobacco, p. 84. 



86 

The same rules, of course, apply to the 
use of tobacco in any other form. Let 
those who claim to be moderate smokers 
measure themselves by these laws and see 
whether or not they are free from excess. 

From these general conclusions we infer 
that the use of tobacco is only permissi- 
ble to a certain class of persons, and that 
in moderation. It has not been shown to 
be beneficial to these, and, therefore, on 
physiological grounds, there is absolutely no 
argument for the use of tobacco. On the 
contrary, there are the strongest reasons for 
its abandonment. 

Of all the methods of using tobacco, 
cheiving is by far the most hurtful. Snuff- 
dipping is less injurious only because snuff 
contains less nicotine than chewing tobacco. 
They cause excessive spitting and excite 
the salivary glands to undue activity. 
The stomach is deprived of one of the 
chief agents in digestion and the whole 



87 

body is enfeebled. The nervous system 
being alternately stimulated and depressed. 
is debilitated and the person grows irrita- 
ble, restless, and nervous. If the im- 
moderate use of tobacco continues, symp- 
toms follow which are really alarming. 
The following are some of the symptoms 
which have been observed : Sleeplessness. 
low spirits, irresolution, hypochondria, night- 
mare, gloomy forebodings, fear of death, 
paleness, emaciation, dyspepsia, vertigo, 
rushing of blood to the head, palpitation 
of the heart, delirium. It is a remark- 
able fact that all these symptoms disap- 
pear as soon as the tobacco is discon- 
tinued, and the patient is soon restored to 
health. Xow, I ask candidly. Is it the 
part of wisdom to tamper with a thing 
which produces such startling results ? 

Some of these effects, particularly nerv- 
ousness and dyspepsia, are more or less 
apparent with all tobacco users, and no 



88 

medication is of avail as long as the prac- 
tice continues. I call special attention to 
this fact that the victim of tobacco-poison- 
ing does not usually attribute his ailments 
to the true cause. He tries exercise, min- 
eral waters, peptics, and dieting with no 
avail. He gives up in despair and turns 
anew to his tobacco as his only source of 
comfort and relief, and feels that without 
it he would surely die. 

Snuff-dipping carries with it the same 
train of symptoms as chewing, and al- 
though snuff contains less nicotine, the 
effects are equally as great, because it is 
commonly used among women. Woman's 
nervous system is much more impressable 
than man's, and an amount of tobacco 
which would shock her system very severe- 
ly, might be used by man with impunity. 
Dr. William A. Hammond, of JN"ew T York, 
says, " The female body is by no means 
adapted to the use of tobacco. It causes 



89 

neuralgia, headache, dyspepsia, palpitation 
of the heart, and, worst of all, ruins the 
complexion and disorders the teeth. To 
say nothing about health, all will agree 
that the stale odor of tobacco coming from 
a woman's mouth is worse than the same 
smell exhaled by a man. As to che wing- 
in men and its analogue, ' dipping ' in 
women, nothing can be filthier, and I know 
that both are productive of diseases of 
the nervous system." 

The habit of dipping has unfortunately 
worked its way among some of the women 
of the higher classes in the South, and 
then it is usually practiced in secret. It 
cannot long be concealed, however, for the 
restless eye, the snuffy complexion, and 
the tainted breath inevitably betray the 
secret. The lady who values her health 
and regards her respectability, should not 
hesitate to tear herself away from so dis- 
gusting a practice, however much she may 
6 



90 

be its slave. Both chewing and dipping 
debilitate the gums, wear away, color, and 
injure the enamel of the teeth, make the 
breath offensive, and render the appearance 
of the mouth untidy and forbidding. 

It is sometimes claimed that tobacco 
preserves the teeth. This it can only do 
indirectly. The chief cause of the decay 
of teeth is uncleanness. The particles of 
food when not removed undergo decomposi- 
tion and cause the teeth to decay. The 
use of tobacco has a tendency to remove 
this food. If there is a cavity in the 
tooth it becomes filled with the tobacco, 
and this decaying slowly, acts somewhat 
like a filling. This reminds us of the 
swine's habit of cleansing himself by wal- 
lowing in the mud. Would not the timely 
assistance of the dentist and the free ap- 
plication of the tooth-brush be much more 
consistent with common sense, decency, 
health, and economy ? 



91 

Snuffing is the least injurious of all the 
methods of using tobacco, and yet as a 
habit it is a most clesjDotic master. John 
without his snuff-box is even more misera- 
ble than Pat without his pipe. Merat 
tells of a man who was found lying as if 
dead in the forest of Fontainebleau. On 
being aroused, . he begged piteously for 
snuff. After this was given him, he soon 
revived enough to say that he had for- 
gotten his snuff-box when he left home that 
morning, and that, " after he missed it, he 
had walked on as long as possible, but at 
last his longing for it became so intense 
that he was unable to move a step further." 

Snuffing injures the senses of smell and 
taste and produces dyspepsia. The habit, 
however, is comparatively harmless, and 
yet it seems the silliest of all. Think of 
Henry Clay stopping in the midst of a 
speech and deliberately walking across the 
Senate hall to the public snuff-box on the 



92 

vice-president's stand, taking a pinch of 
snuff, and returning to continue his speech ! 
In that day the practice was very common 
and the snuff was furnished at the expense 
of the government. To-day the item of 
snuff enters the annual expense account of 
the Senate. 

The influence of smoking upon the sys- 
tem has been made the subject of accurate 
observation by numerous learned physicians, 
among whom we may mention Hammond, 
Richardson, Lizars, Laycock, Prout, Pereira, 
Orfila, Trousseau, and Sir B. Brodie. For 
detailed evidence the reader must be re- 
ferred to the papers of these various 
authors. I can but briefly enumerate its 
observed effects. They are, ulceration of 
the tongue, lips, tonsils, gums, mucous 
membrane of the mouth and pharynx, con- 
stipation, loss of appetite, gum-boils, palpi- 
tation of the heart, neuralgia, dizziness, 
trembling, unsteady hand, hypochondriasis, 



93 

loss of virility, general debility of the 
nervous system, deafness, loss of memory, 
mania, palsy (hemiplegia), apoplexy, disease 
of the liver, etc. It causes the voice to 
become coarse and huskv, and makes the 
articulation bad. Dyspepsia is not so com- 
mon among smokers as among chewers. 
Smokinfr is also said to induce an inclina- 
tion to strong drinks. The ill effects of 
the tobacco seem to be momentarily coun- 
teracted by the alcohol, and the stimulat- 
ing effects of the intoxicating liquors are 
moderated by the tobacco. Thus it happens 
that drinkers are always smokers, and thus 
it is also that smoking often leads to drink- 
ing. In this way the cigar with its asso- 
ciations have caused the ruin of many a 
young man. This fact too, perhaps, ex- 
plains the German's ability to perform his 
prodigious feats of smoking and beer-drink- 
ing. Another effect is loss of courage and 
fortitude. Lizars says, " I have invariably 



94 

found that patients addicted to tobacco 
smoking were in spirit cowardly, and defi- 
cient in manly fortitude to undergo any 
surgical operation, however trifling." 

Tobacco is issued to the European armies 
as a matter of policy and economy. It is 
known to impair the appetite and thus a 
saving is made daily of about five ounces 
of bread to the man. 

Individual degeneracy is one of the com- 
mon results of the use of tobacco. It 
induces sensuality, and has a tendency to 
render the mind dull and inactive. The 
assertion that a man can do better work 
under the influence of the cigar is a falsity. 
The mind cannot elaborate more material 
than it has acquired. Some men can work 
better, no doubt, when smoking, for with- 
out the cigar they would be too dull and 
sleepy to do anything. I have no doubt 
if statistics could be obtained, the weight 
of intellectual clearness and ability would 



95 

rest with the non-smoker. And I say this 
not without authority. Some years ago the 
students in the Polytechnic School in Paris 
were divided into two groups — the smokers 
and non-smokers. In all the competitive 
examinations the smokers were far inferior 
to% the others. In all my experience with 
classes of young men as a teacher, I have 
found the same to be true. Our best col- 
lege students are always free from this per- 
nicious habit. 

The case would not be so bad were it 
only a few individuals that are effected. 
But this is not so. National degeneracy 
follows as a natural result. There is cer- 
tainly something striking in the fact that 
the progress, activity, enterprise and intel- 
lectual power of the nations of the globe 
are to-day very nearly in inverse ratio to 
the amount of tobacco that thev use. The 
list I think may stand about as follows : The 
United States, Great Britain, France, Ger- 



96 

many, Austria, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Persia, 
India, China, and so on. I place the 
United States first, because I believe that 
in intellectual acuteness and activity, ag- 
gressive progress, and clearness and depth 
of thought, the American is unexcelled. 

England's intellectual position depends 
upon, her past achievements rather than 
upon what she is doing at present. In 
saying this I do not mean to diminish the 
honors so justly due her. I simply sug- 
gest that she has not yet been able to 
accommodate her pace to the rapid march 
of modern times. The average German is 
proverbially dull and his work is always 
slow and labored. He accomplishes his 
ends with a greater outlay of energy than 
any one else. This is incontestably due 
to his beer and tobacco. 

The Frenchman is more vivacious and 
has greater intellectual acumen. The 
oriental spends his days in sensuality and 



97 

semi-insensibilitv, scarcely arousing himself 
sufficiently to provide the necessities of life. 
India and China are walking upon the 
same dead level that their ancestors trod 
three thousand years ago. Why have they 
not caught the spirit of modern progress? 
They are drunk with the drugs of sensu- 
ality and bound with the chains of habit. 
If you will take tobacco and alcohol from 
them and give them Christianity, a new 
civilization will spring up among them and 
they will take their place among the first 
nations of the earth. 

The present degeneracy of Spain, Portu- 
gal and Turkey has been attributed to the 
inordinate use of tobacco. I will be par- 
doned here for making a few extracts. 
Fievee says, "A danger of far greater in- 
terest to those concerned in the preserva- 
tion of the individual, is the enfeeblement 
of the human mind, the loss of the powers 
of intelligence and moral energy ; in a 



98 

word, of the vigor of the intellect, one of 
the elements of which is memory. We are 
much deceived if the statistics of actual 
mental vigor would not prove the low level 
of the intellect throughout Europe, since 
the introduction of tobacco. The Spaniards 
have first experienced the penalty of its 
abuse, the example of w T hich they have so 
industriously propagated, and the elements 
of which originated in their conquests and 
their ancient energy. The rich Havanna 
enjoys the monopoly of the poison which 
procures so much gold in return for so 
many victims ; but the Spaniards have paid 
for it also by the loss of their political 
importance, of their rich appanage of art 
and literature, of their chivalry which made 
them one of the first people of the world. 
Admitting that other causes operated, to- 
bacco has been one of the most influential/' 
So also Lizars : * " Excessive smoking 

* Tobacco : Its Use and Abuse. 



99 



has had no small share in the degenera- 
tion of Spain. A Spaniard is never with- 
out a cigar in his mouth. It was observed 
during the Peninsula war, that the Spanish 
officers passed the w^hole day in smoking, 
in cutting and mincing tobacco to make 
paper cigars, and in eating and sleeping — 
and never existed men sunk in such idle- 
ness, indolence, and apathy." 

Michel Levy, in his Traite d 1 Hygiene, 
says, "That which is detestable and brutal 
is the habit of continual smoking as it 
exists in the East, where the pipe is the 
prolegomena of all official acts, all conver- 
sations, and all social gatherings, The 
Oriental seizes his pipe at waking, and lays 
it down only when he retires to sleep. 
A special functionary, the public pipe-bearer, 
is one of the retinue of all great persons, and 
in well-to-do families the care of the pipe 
is the exclusive duty of one or more ser- 
vants, who occupy a high rank in the 



100 

household. It is in the East and in the 
Flemish countries that one perceives tBe 
stupifying effects, and the intellectual and 
moral degradation which result from the 
combined abuse of beer and tobacco, of to- 
bacco and the harem. There is no family. 
The inert enjoyments of the cafe and smok- 
ing-room replace it. Excess of tobacco ener- 
vates the intelligence, blunts the attention, 
enfeebles the memory. Smoking induces a 
kind of cerebral sloth which ends in inapti- 
tude of spirit, and an irremediable torpor 
of the faculties. It is an obstacle to the 
activitv of men, a bar to civilization, and 
interferes especially with the administration 
of public affairs and the organization of 
government in the East." 

This is a national question of no small 
moment. No man who smokes daily can 
be said to be at any time in perfect health. 
While the habit may produce directly no 
organic disease, it always causes functional 



101 

disorders, and these are truly diseases. A 
nation of smokers must degenerate, because 
continued functional disorders prevent the 
full development of the man. This de- 
generacy is not observed among us, because 
the non-smokers and the women, the greater 
part of whom, be it said to their honor, 
do not use tobacco, act as a sort of a 
saving element to preserve the vigor of 
the race. If the American people desire 
the highest perfection to which a race can 
be brought, it must renounce tobacco forever. 

I will close this section with a few 
extracts which will embody the opinions 
of men of the highest authority on this 
subject. 

Dr. Richardson, in his book on The 
Diseases of Modern Life, gives the follow- 
ing conclusions : 

" Smoking produces disturbances: (a) In 
the Mood, causing undue fluidity and change 
in the reel corpuscles ; (b) In the stomach, 



102 

giving rise to debility, nausea, and, in 
extreme cases, vomiting ; (c) In the mucous 
membrane of the mouth, causing enlarge- 
ment and soreness of the tonsils — smoker's 
sore throat — redness, dryness, and occa- 
sional pealing off of the membrane, and 
either unnatural firmness and contraction or 
sponginess of the gums ; (d) In the heart, 
producing debility of that organ and irregular 
action; (e) In the bronchial surface of the 
lungs, when that is already irritable, sustain- 
ing irritation, and increasing cough ; (f) In 
the organs of sense, causing, in the extreme 
degree, dilatation of the pupils of the eye, 
confusion of vision, bright lines, luminous 
or cob-web specks, and long retention of 
images on the retina ; with other and 
analogous symptoms effecting the ear, viz.: 
inability to define sounds clearly, and the 
occurrence of a sharp ringing sound like 
a whistle or bell ; (g) in the brain, im- 
pairing the activity of that organ, and 



103 

oppressing it if it be duly nourished, but 
soothing it if it be exhausted ; (h) In the 
volitional and in the sympathetic or organic 
nerves, leading to paralysis in them, and 
to over-secretion in the glandular struc- 
tures, over which the organic nerves exert 
a controlling force. 7 ' 

Mr. Higginbottom says* : " After fifty 
years of most extensive and varied prac- 
tice in my profession, I have come to the 
decision that smoking is a main cause of 
ruining our young men, pauperizing the 
workingmen, and rendering comparatively 
useless the best efforts of ministers of 
religion. The proverbial drunkenness of 
our countrymen can only be arrested by 
laying the axe to the root of its superin- 
ducing cause, the thirst-creating power of to- 
bacco. 'Penury and crime/ says a medical 
temperance reformer, 'are brought on by 
drinking to supply moisture to the system, 

* Lancet, 1857. 



104 

after it has been drained by spitting away 
the flourishing saliva. Hence drunkenness 
in the masses.' " 

The following is from Dr. Solly, of St. 
Thomas's Hospital*: "I Jcnoio of no single 
vice which does so much harm as smoking. 
It is a snare and a delusion. It soothes 
the excited nervous system at the time, 
to render it more irritable and more feeble 
ultimately. I can always distinguish by 
his complexion a man who smokes much ; 
and the appearance which the fauces pre- 
sent is an unerring guide to the habits of 
such a man. I believe that cases of general 
paralysis are more frequent in England 
than they used to be, and suspect that 
smoking tobacco is one of the causes of 
that increase. 

The following extract is abridged from 
a paper published by the British Anti- 
Tobacco Society : 

* Lizar's Use and Abuse of Tobacco. 



105 

" 1. Smoking weakens the digestive and 
assimulating functions, impairs the due 
elaboration of the chyle and of the blood, 
and prevents a healthy nutrition of the 
structures of the body. Hence result, 
especially in young persons, an arrest of 
the growth of the body, low statue, a 
palid and sallow hue of the surface, an 
insufficient and unhealthy supply of blood, 
weak bodily powers, and in many instances 
complete emasculation. 

"2. Smoking generates thirst and vital 
depression ; and to remove these the use 
of stimulating liquors is resorted to. Thus 
two of the most debasing habits and vices 
to which human nature can be degraded 
are indulged in to the injury of the indi- 
vidual, to the shortening of his life, and 
to the ruin of his offspring. 

u 3. Smoking weakens the nervous power, 
favors a dreamy, imagnative, and imbecile 
state of existence, produces indolence and 
7 



106 

incapability of manly or continued exer- 
tion, and sinks its votary into a state of 
careless or maudlin inactivity and selfish 
enjoyment of his vice. He ultimately 
becomes partially paralyzed in body and 
mind ; he is subject to tremors and 
numerous nervous ailments, and has re- 
course to stimulants for their relief. These 
his vices cannot abate, and he ultimately 
dies a drivelling idiot, an imbecile para- , 
lytic, or a sufferer from internal organic 
disease, at an age far short of the average 
duration of life. 

u 4. The tobacco smoker, especially if 
he commences the habit early in life and 
carries it to excess, loses his procreative 
powers. If he marry, he deceives his 
wife and disposes her to infidelity, and 
exposes himself to ignominy and scorn. 
If, however, he should have offspring, they 
are generally either cut off in infancy, or 
never reach the period of puberty. His 



107 

wife is often incapable of having a living- 
child, or she suffers repeated miscarriages, 
owing to the impotence of her husband. 
If he have children, they are generally 
stunted in growth or deformed in shape ; 
are incapable of struggling through the 
diseases incident to children, and die pre- 
maturely. And thus the vices of the 
parent are visited upon the children, even 
before they reach the third generation. I 
have constantly observed that the children 
of habitual smokers are, with few excep- 
tions, imperfectly developed in form and 
size, very ill or plain looking, and delicate 
in constitution. If, therefore, ladies suffi- 
ciently value their own happiness and the 
health and happiness of their families, 
they ought not to marry smokers." 

The Philadelphia Times has recently 
published articles from several leading 
physicians in regard to cigarette smoking, 
which is daily becoming more popular. 



108 

The following is what Dr. Roberts Bar- 
tholow says on the subject: "It is high 
time that something were done to put a 
stop to this frightful evil, which is stunt- 
ing the growth and ruining the health of 
thousands of boys. It is just horrible to 
see these boys — little fellows, many of 
them not more than eight or ten years 
old, not street boys, but well dressed and 
carefully nurtured boys — gathered in knots 
in some corner, where they think they 
will not be observed, learning to smoke. 
Parents see their sons getting thin and 
yellow and irritable, the family doctor is 
called in, and without going to the root 
of the evil, prescribes tonics which do no 
perceptible good. 

" The prodigious increase of cigarette 
smoking among boys in the last few years 
is an evil which will tend to the deteri- 
oration of the race if it is not checked. 
But it is not hard to account for. Boys 



109 

arc very imitative. They follow the fash- 
ion with promptness and zeal. Cigarettes 
are the rage at Harvard. It is the 
correct thing to smoke these poisonous 
little rolls of tobacco and paper. What- 
ever is fashionable in a great school like 
Harvard is sure in a very short time to 
be fashionable among young men and 
boys all over the country. Another great 
cause of the mischief is that boys are 
very fond of imitating their elders. Smok- 
ing in public places ought to be discour- 
aged. There ought to be a sentiment 
created against it, and the press is the 
power to create such a sentiment. Every 
man when he smokes in public ought to 
think that he is encouraging some boy to 
smoke. The boy will smoke a cigarette, 
imagining that he will get less tobacco in 
that way, and ignorant of the fact that 
cigarette smoking is the most pernicious 
form in w T hich tobacco is used. Tobacco 



110 

in any form is a great injury to a grow- 
ing boy, and the fashion of inhaling the 
smoke and then forcing it out through 
the nose is deadly in its effects. It 
causes catarrh in the air passages, throat, 
and nose, and makes the smoker disgust- 
ing, as well as puny and stunted. You 
will find that these cigarette smoking 
youths have impaired digestions, small and 
poor muscles, irritable tempers, and a 
lack of capacity for sustained effort of 
any kind, and I believe you will find 
that they do not succeed in life. The 
men who win are men of strong physique. 
A cigarette smoking boy will not make a 
strong man. These are some of the evils 
which the individual brings upon himself. 
But the mischief does not stop with the 
individual, but is transmitted to his 
offspring. Nervous peculiarities are just 
as readily transmitted as physical peculiar- 
ities. The acquired irritability, imperfect 



Ill 

development, and loss of nervous force of 
the father is inherited by the child, who 
in turn further impairs his health by the 
same process, so that in the course of 
three or four generations there must be a 
great deterioration in the race. The sale 
of cigarettes to boys should be prohibited 
by law." 

I may give here an extract from the 
Christian Advocate on the same subject: 
" In one of the schools of Brooklyn a 
boy thirteen years old, naturally quick and 
bright, was found to be growing dull and 
fitful. His face was pale, and he had 
nervous twitchings. He was obliged to 
quit school. Inquiry showed that he had 
become a confirmed smoker of cigarettes. 
When asked why he did not give it up 
he shed tears and said that he had often 
tried, but could not. 

"The growth of this habit is insiduous, 
and its effects ruinous. The eyes, the 



112 

brain, the nervous system, the memory, 
the power of application, are all impaired 
by it. ' It is nothing but a cigarette,' 
is really, ' It's ' nothing but poison.' 
German and French physicians have re- 
cently protested against it. And a con- 
vention of Sunday and secular teachers 
was recently held in England to check it. 
It was presided over by an eminent 
surgeon of a Royal Eye Infirmary, who 
stated that many diseases of the eye 
were directly caused by it. Parents, save 
your children from this vice if possible ! 
Do not allow them to deceive you. In 
future years they will rise up and bless 
you for restraining them." 

Dr. Laycock, of Edinburgh, a physi- 
cian of great distinction, has written much 
on the subject of smoking. I cull the 
following from a paper in the Medical 
Gazette for 1846* : " The consequences of 

* See Lizar's Use and Abuse of Tobacco. 



113 

smoking tobacco are manifested in the 
buccal and paryngeal mucous membrane 
and their diverticula, on the stomach, 
the lungs, and the heart, and on the 
brain and nervous system. These conse- 
quences vary according to the quantity of 
tobacco smoked, and the pathological con-' 
dition and peculiarities of the individual 
himself. * * * 

" The nervous system has peculiarly 
suffered. Thence have arisen obtuseness 
in the functions of the several senses, 
irritability, indecision, loss of courage, 
weakness of the voluntary muscles, and 
depravity of the secretions. I believe it 
to be a great antagonist of the functions 
of the nervous system, especially in its 
relations to the organs of sense, of repro- 
duction, and of digestion. I think I have 
known it to produce perfect atony with 
all its train of consequences. * 

" Gastric disorders, coughs, and inflam- 



114 

matory affections of the larynx and the 
pharynx, hsemoptog, diseases of the heart, 
and lowness of spirits, are the principal 
diseases in which the pathological results 
of the disease are to be looked for." 

The following extract is taken from 
one of a series of recent sermons by 
Dr. Talmage on the " Ten Plagues of 
New York and Brooklyn " : " But there 
is another narcotic. You know it as 
inspiring, elevating, paradising, nerve-rais- 
ing, dyspepsia-breeding, health-destroying, 
tobacco. I shall not be too personal on 
this head, because I know you all use it. 
I know by personal experience its results. 
I know what it is to be its slave and I 
know what it is to be its conqueror. I 
have no expectation of breaking many of 
you of the habit, but I hope to induce 
you to save your children from its evils. 
Tobacco is good to kill moths, ticks, and 
vermin of all kinds, and to fumigate 



115 

pestiferous places. God created it for a 
good purpose, as he did other poisons, 
but the same God gave us common sense, 
and we ought to know how to use the 
weed. All the medical fraternity warn 
the community against its use. It causes 
seventy kinds of disease. It kills twenty- 
five per cent, of the physical vigor of 
the country, and damaging this generation 
injures the next. It tends to the in- 
creased use of intoxicants. There are 
smokers who do not drink, but there are 
very few drinkers who do not smoke. 
Horace Greeley calls it a profane stench. 
One reason that there are so many vic- 
tims of the habit is that so many minis- 
ters indulge in it. They smoke until 
they get bronchitis, and then ask the dear 
congregations to pay their expenses to 
Europe. They smoke themselves into 
stupidity. A fine inscription on the tomb- 
stone of many ministers would be, 



116 

' Killed by too much Cavendish P I have 
seen a cuspidore in a pulpit in which 
the minister dropped his . cud before say- 
ing, ' Blessed are the pure in heart.' I 
have seen smoking-rooms attached to the 
conference hall. I have seen the poison- 
ous saliva on the beard of the holy man, 
and have seen him looking about for 
something with an anxity which might be 
mistaken for a search for the grace of 
God, when in fact he was only searching 
for a spot into which to discharge a 
mouthful of nastiness. In my own expe- 
rience, it took ten cigars to make one 
sermon. A minister of Grocl cannot' afford 
to smoke. The true gospel of the Lord 
is self-denial for the good and rescue of 
others." 

These extracts might be almost indefi- 
nitely extended, but our space w T ill not 
admit of further quotation. The literature 
on the subject is very extensive, and he 



117 

who wants further proof of the positions 
I have taken will find ample material in 
standard medical works, in the medical 
and scientific journals, and even in the 
newspapers of the day. 



XIX— HEREDITY. 



It is one of the first laws of biology 
that the physical and mental characteristics 
of the parent are transmitted to the 
child. Diseases and bodily defects of all 
sorts are transmissible. They do not 
always appear in the child. They may 
reappear in the third or fourth generation. 
It is not the disease that is inherited, 
but a constitutional defect and predisposi- 
tion towards a certain class of diseases. 
For instance, in a family that has a 
tendency to insanity, one member will 
suffer from neuralgia, another will have 
epilepsy, a third will have an unbalanced 
character, a fourth may be a maniac, 
while a fifth may show no symptoms of 
the hereditary tendency. 
(118) 



119 

Nervous disorders are more markedly 
hereditary than any other constitutional 
defects, and reappear in the greatest 
variety of forms. They are all, however, 
unnatural and have their origin in some 
physiological sin with the individual af- 
fected or among his ancestors. In most 
cases they are traceable to some sort of 
intemperance and excess. Dr. Maudsley 
says, u Idiocy is a manufactured article, 
and although we are not always able to 
tell how it is manufactured, still its im- 
portant causes are known and are within 
control." Out of three hundred idiots in 
Massachusetts, Dr. Howe found that one 
hundred and forty-five were the offspring of 
intemperate parents. If the observation had 
extended to grand-parents, no doubt the 
number would have been greatly increased. 

Thus it is an established fact that an 
acquired infirmity in the parent may 
become in the child a permanent constitu- 



120 

tional disability. The parent who has be- 
come nervous from bad habits has a child 
naturally nervous and excitable. An ac- 
quired craving for stimulants in the 
father is transmitted to the child as a 
constitutional disorder. Furthermore, the 
parent transmits to the child not only the 
tendency to the habit, but also a weakened 
constituion. The result is that the child 
is much more apt to run to excess than 
the parent was. The child that has in- 
herited a taste for tobacco soon finds this 
unsatisfactory, and is exceedingly liable to 
resort to alcoholic drinks. I have in 
mind now a number of cases where the 
sons of tobacco-using parents are addicted 
to both tobacco and whisky, and I have 
no doubt every one who reads this can 
call to mind similar cases. The conscien- 
tious father will certainly stop and think 
what a terrible legacy he is about to 
leave to his children. 



121 



This subject is further illustrated in 
the extracts given in the preceding section. 

I may add, however, the following senti- 
ment from Dr. Pidduck.* "In no instance 
is the sin of the father more strikingly 
visited upon his children than the sin of 
tobacco smoking. The enervation, the hy- 
pochondriasis, the hysteria, the insanity, the 
dwarfish deformities, the consumption, the 
suffering lives and early deaths of the 
children of inveterate smokers, bear ample 
testimony to the feebleness and unsoundness 
of the constitution transmitted by this per- 
nicious habit." 

*See Lizars' Use and Abuse of Tobacco, p 96. 



XX.-MANCIAL. 



The financial phase of this question is, 
perhaps, the one of most practical interest. 
Anything is to be avoided which costs the 
poor man a dollar without bringing him a 
just return. We have shown that tobacco 
brings no good results ; that even moder- 
ately used it is a luxury of questionable 
propriety, and that intemperately used it 
brings most startling consequences. I take 
the position, then, that it is a luxury 
which very few can afford. Unfortunately, 
though, it is the poor man that is tobacco's 
greatest slave. In view of the returns it 
brings, considerations of economy alone 
should settle the question for every young 
man. Let us see. 

The moderate smoker uses three cigars 

(122) 



123 

per day. This may be taken as an aver 
age. These will cost him twenty-five 
cents. In one year this will amount to 
$96.25. Now, how many young men are 
there who can afford to invest $96 per 
year in a useless luxury? and how many 
fathers of families can well spare so much 
money annually ? This amount put in a 
life insurance policy would secure a nice 
little fortune to a man's family at his death. 
But it is particularly upon the young 
man that I want to enforce this argument. 
A man in middle life or old age is not 
likely to form the habit, and if it is 
already formed at that time of life, he 
is not apt to leave it off. Suppose the 
young man is a lawyer, a physician, a 
teacher, or a preacher. In either case, 
his success depends very much upon his 
early acquisition of a [good library. Let 
him begin at sixteen and judiciouly invest 
the money in books which his more social 



124 

friend spends in tobacco. At twenty-five, 
the time when he should think of taking 
a partner for life, he will have a hand- 
some little library worth $866.25, all that 
he can possibly need at this time. At 
thirty the value of his books will be more 
than $1,200, and as a general rule he need 
not buy many more during life, whatever 
be his situation. This amount of books, 
well selected, is enough for the ordinary 
man, especially when he has access to a 
good public library. The other young man 
has burned up his $1,200, and has noth- 
ing to show for it but his nervousness 
and excitability. He wonders how his 
more prosperous friend can possibly manage 
to get so much money to spend for books. 
I know a young physician who com- 
plains all the time that he is too poor to 
buy books and instruments for his practice, 
and yet for the last five years he has 
spent at least $150 a year for tobacco and 



125 

whisky. $750 would give a young doctor 
a right handsome outfit to start with. 
Thus the tobacco injures not only the man 
who uses it, but also those whom he is 
to serve. The preacher chews his tobacco 
at the cost of the moral welfare of his 
flock, the physician's cigar is paid for by 
the life-blood of his patient, and the 
teacher, besides soiling his shirt and stain- 
ing his floor, sets his hearers an example 
which they will not only follow but pass 
beyond. 

I once knew a family where the father 
and mother and three sons were all intem- 
perate tobacco users. Think of $400 a 
year for tobacco in one family! The three 
sons, too, were more or less addicted to 
intoxicating drink, and this increased the 
expense account. Here we have also 
another instance illustrating the ground I 
have taken in speaking of the hereditary 
influence of tobacco. 



XXI— ESTHETICS. 



While esthetics is not duly appreciated 
by the masses, it is an element of civili- 
zation and refinement not to be ignored. 
Decency and neatness are certainly elements 
of good breeding, and I take the position 
that the use of tobacco is opposed to both. 
It lowers one's self-respect, else why does 
the gentleman always light his cigar in 
your presence with an apology, unless you 
accept the one he offers you ? The young 
man, indeed, glories in the habit, but this 
is because he has not yet felt its sting. 
I have seldom met with a middle-aged 
man who did not regret having formed 
it. It is when the lightness of youth 
is past and sober realities of manhood are 
upon him, that man feels that he would 
(126) 



127 

like to rid himself of that chain which 
he realizes is gradually tightening. It is 
too late now, however. His children may 
do without bread, the poor may go away 
unclothed, his creditors may beg for their 
rights — he must have his tobacco. 

The tobacco chewer begins decently, but 
generally ends by spitting upon the grate, 
the stove, the carpet, and his own clothes. 
Accustomed to the nauseating fluid which 
he ejects from his mouth, he forgets how 
disgusting it is to those whose stomachs 
are not hardened to it. I have seen dis- 
tinguished lawyers, rich merchants, learned 
physicians, college professors, and even 
ministers of the gospel — I speak it with 
shame — whose mouths, shirt-fronts, and 
beard were ever stained with this over- 
flowing of tobacco juice. Not long since 
I saw an official at his desk with a yellow 
stream flowing from each corner of his 
mouth down upon his snow-white beard 



128 

and his shirt, and occasionally dropping 
upon the paper on which he wrote. Now 
I am aware that the men who ge to such 
an excess of indecency are considered ex- 
ceptions, and the tobacco chewer generally 
will claim exemption from this charge. I 
accept the plea, but must say, " My dear 
sir, you are in very bad company, and if 
you fare like poor old Tray you must not 
complain." Then, furthermore, you, too, 
will probably go the same road. While 
some men do preserve through life a mod- 
erate decency, to the majority it becomes 
one of the filthiest of filthy habits. It 
taints the breath, colors the teeth, renders 
the mouth disgusting, and makes the man 
offensive to those who do not use the weed, 
particularly so to woman. I pity the wife 
who has to endure kisses from such a 
mouth. 

King James in his Counterblaste says, 
" Moreover, which is a great iniquity and 



129 

against all humanity, the husband shall 
not be ashamed to reduce thereby his 
delicate, wholesome, and clean-complexioned 
wife to the extremity that either she must 
also corrupt her sweet breath therewith, 
or else resolve to live in a perpetual 
stinking torment." 

Smoking, as has been said, is more de- 
cent but equally as senseless. Were we 
not accustomed to the habit, it would ap- 
pear to us as ridiculous as the ring in 
the nose and lip of the barbarian. The 
smoker's breath is much worse than the 
chewer's, his complexion is more affected, 
and if he chews his cigar, as he often 
does, he is entitled to credit for all the 
indecencies of the chewer. 

Snuff-dipping involves all of the filthi- 
ness of chewing, and this is exaggerated 
because it is woman instead of man that 
practices it. So conscious, too, is she of 
her guilt that she strives to keep it a 



130 

secret. The man smokes and chews in 
his office, in his parlor, on the street, and 
in the assembly, but the woman hides 
away in her chamber and plies her brush, 
admitting only her most intimate and con- 
fidential friends. Poor woman ! you do 
not know that the secret you are so pro- 
foundly keeping is already on everybody's 
lips. 



XXII -PLEA OF ITS VOTARIES ANSWERED. 



1. It is fashionable. We are not justi- 
fied in following fashion when our health, 
our pecuniary interests, our usefulness, the 
good of our children, or our own self-re- 
spect will be thereby compromised. 

2. It is genial company. So are evil 
companions when we have learned to asso- 
ciate with them. But this is no reason 
whv we should not forsake them. Besides, 
this is a morbid taste. It is company 
which we would never naturally desire. 

3. It soothes the nerves and enables one 
to do better work. We have shown . that 
it only temporarily allays the nervous 
excitement which its use has caused. If 
it had never been used, it had never 

been needed. Then, the trouble grows 

(131) 



132 

worse all the time. The remedy is the 
sole cause of the disease. Abandon the 
tobacco and the nerves will take care of 
themselves. 

4. It preserves the teeth. This has been 
answered. 

5. It is an anti-fat. Most of tobacco 
users would be lean without it. Think of 
the lank, bony dyspeptic talking of using 
tobacco as an anti-fat ! 

6 It is a luxury. For the use of a 
luxuary to be justified, it must be harm- 
less. This cannot be shown of tobacco. 
This is a luxury which very few can 
rightly afford. 

I do not deem it necessary to say more 
here, as this whole discussion is an argu- 
ment against these pleas and any others 
that may be made by the votaries of 
tobacco. These are stubborn facts which 
are unanswerable. 



XXIIL— MORAL. 



" I dare do all that may become a man, 
Who dares do more is none." — Macbeth. 

But the question is not only one of 
propriety, interest, decency, and policy ; it 
is also one of right and wrong. Is it right 
to indulge in a habit which enslaves, de- 
grades, and impoverishes and leads others 
into wrong ? Is it right for a man to 
take the money that should buy his chil- 
dren's bread and spend it for a useless 
luxury ? Is it right for a man for self- 
gratification to entail upon his children a 
shattered constitution, and set them an ex- 
ample which will probably lead them to 
excess and perhaps to ruin ? The only 
safe plan in morals is to let anything alone' 
that is of questionable propriety. I have 
(133) 



134 

no idea that there is any man addicted to 
the habit who has not had serious mis- 
givings about it, and my observation has 
been that it is a matter of great self-con- 
gratulation to any man when he success- 
fully rids himself of it. 



XXIV-SDDIARY, 



I will now recapitulate some of the 
principal reasons why I think the use of 
tobacco should be discouraged. 

1. While it is a source of great present 
revenue to the people who cultivate it, it 
will in the end be detrimental to the 
country, because it is a crop which is very 
exhausting to the soil and soon wears out 
the land. Besides, it is not to the buyer 
a just equivalent for the money he pays 
for it. 

2. The use of tobacco is a habit which 
continually grows stronger, at the same 
time weakening the will, and finally making 
man its abject slave. Such habits are 
sedulously to be avoided, although they 
could be shown to have no other ill effects. 

(135) 



136 

3. Its associations are very bad. It 
is the inseparable companion of dram- 
drinking, gambling, loafing, and sporting. 
It is the universal habit of the adven- 
turer, the villain, the roue, and the de- 
bauchee. I would much rather not be 
found in such company. 

4. As a social habit, it makes one 
acquainted with strange companions. It 
makes the spirits flow, opens the lips and 
lets forth the poisonous and polluted words 
which come from a corrupt heart. In the 
same way it encourages loafing, lounging, 
and laziness. 

5. Its physiological effects, unless very 
carefully and moderately used, are such as 
to warrant its abandonment, even if there 
were no other considerations. For these 
the reader is referred to the discussion of 
this part of the subject. 

6. All its ill effects are transmitted 
from parent to child, and usually with 



137 

a weakened constitution and a disposition 
to intemperance. The physiological legacy 
which a child receives is one of which it 
cannot dispossess itself. The parent, then, 
cannot be too careful in this matter. 

7. It is a filthy habit. This is par- 
ticularly so of chewing and snuff-dipping. 
It colors the teeth, makes the complexion 
sallow, renders the personal appearance 
forbidding, makes the breath offensive, and 
always causes the loss of a modicum of 
self-respect. Such a habit can only be 
justified in consideration of its benefits. 
No benefits have been shown to accrue in 
this case. 

8. It is an expensive habit. Were it 
not hurtful, it might be indulged in as a 
luxury by well-to-do people who could 
afford it. Its physiological effects, how- 
ever, have been shown to be so bad that 
it ought to be avoided even by these. 
The man who lights his Havanna with a 



138 

dollar bill puts it to a much better use 
than he did the one with which he bought 
the cigar. 

9. It is of doubtful morality, because 
its consequences are bad. 



ERRATA. 



Page 19. For Medicee read Medicee. 

Page 26. For rape read rape. 

Page 41. For Stille read Stille. 

Page 41. For Kolliker read Kolliker. 

Page 43. For Stille read Stille. 

Page 66. For vergntigung read Vergnugung. 

Page 97. For Fievee read Fievee. 

Page 99. For Traite d'Hygiene read Traite d'Hygiene, 

Page 100. For cafe read cafe. 



